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Exercise 311
A bucket has the shape of a frustum of a cone, with a circular bottom of radius $2$ and an open circular top of radius $5$. Starting when the bucket is empty, a hose that runs water at a constant rate takes $38$ minutes to fill the bucket up to one third of its height. How many more minutes will it take to fill the rest of the bucket?
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Solution
  1. Extend the lateral surface to the apex $V$ of the cone. Every horizontal slice is a circle, and its radius is a linear function of the height, so the cones cut off at the apex are all similar.
  2. At one third of the height the radius is $2+\frac13(5-2)=3$. The cones with apex $V$ and base radii $2$, $3$, $5$ have volumes proportional to $2^3,3^3,5^3$, i.e. to $8$, $27$, $125$.
  3. The water up to one third of the height has volume proportional to $27-8=19$ and takes $38$ minutes, so each unit takes $2$ minutes. The remaining part has volume proportional to $125-27=98$, so it takes $98\cdot2=\boxed{196}$ more minutes.
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